The Parenting Styles That Were Theorized By Diana Baumrind

Today the education system places a lot of importance on the student’s academic performance. The educational performance of children and adolescents has been attributed to a myriad of factors. Low academic performance has been attributed to inadequate teachers or schools, large class sizes, socio economic status, and parent’s education, among others. Undoubtedly, all of these factors play a role in low academic performance. What scholars have shown as definitive is that parental contributions are important in helping students achieve high academic performance. Specific parental practices such as helping their kids with their homework, attending parent-teacher conferences, and monitoring after school activities are related to adolescents school performance. The belief is that if parents adopt the correct parenting style when raising their children/adolescents, these children /adolescents can become academically proficient. There are three parenting styles that were t heorized by Diana Baumrind. These are: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These parenting styles are believed to have associations in the social, moral, behavioral, and academic development of children/adolescent. Past studies have shown that there is an association between parenting styles and academic performance in children/adolescents. In authoritative parenting style, there is a mutual respect between the child and the parent. There is also negotiation and dialogue involved. The parentShow MoreRelatedAwareness of Parenting Style/Practices and the Effect on Adolescent Identity2220 Words   |  9 Pagesassist adolescents in their identity formation process. Two theories that have been used in research to examine adolescent identity are the psychosocial development of adolescents and Bandura’s social learning theory. Psychosocial development as theorized by Erikson has eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adul thood (Kail Cavanaugh, 2010). Adolescents fall into stage five, Identity vs. Role Confusion, in which the question of â€Å"Who am I† is trying

Foreign Collaboration Free Essays

string(109) " into technology collaboration an agreement is entered into between the foreign entity and an Indian entity\." TAXPERT PROFESSIONALS Article on Foreign Collaboration 24 March 2011 0 TAXPERT Professionals | [Type the company address] Article on Foreign Collaboration Foreign Collaboration An Overview To fulfill the need of freeing the Indian industry from excessive official control and for promoting foreign investments in India in necessary sectors the much required liberalization of Indian economy was brought in by Industrial Policy of 1991. From then the Indian economy is more facilitating to Foreign Direct investment in all form. Foreign investment in India is regulated by ? Foreign Exchange Management Act ? Reserve Bank of India ? Department of Policy and promotion Foreign Exchange Management Act is an act to facilitate, promote and manage the foreign exchange in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Collaboration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reserve Bank of India issues various regulations to give effect to the various provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. The Department of Industrial Policy Promotion was established in 1995 and has been reconstituted in the year 2000 with the merger of the Department of Industrial Development. There has been a consistent shift in the role and functions of this Department since 1991. From regulation and administration of the industrial sector, the role of the Department has been transformed into facilitating investment and technology flows and monitoring industrial development in the liberalized environment. The role and functions of the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion [here in after referred as Department or DIPP] primarily includes interalia is following: Formulation and implementation of industrial policy and strategies for industrial development in conformity with the development needs and national objectives; acilitation of FDI; technology collaborations at enterprise level and formulating policy parameters for the same; Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications of Goods and administration of regulations, rules made there under; TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration The DIPP is in charge for encouraging acquisition of technological capability in various s ectors of the industry where such acquisition is required to promote the economic development. Foreign technology induction is facilitated through liberal foreign technology collaboration regime either through FDI or through Foreign Technology Collaboration (FTC) agreement. There are two types of Foreign Collaboration the Financial collaboration and the technical collaboration. 1. Financial Collaboration refers to collaboration where only equity is involved. The financial collaboration can be by way of entering into Joint Venture agreement with the Indian Company. 2. Technical collaboration refers to collaboration where there is transfer of technology by the Foreign collaborator on due compensation. Foreign Colloboration Financial Colloboration 1 Financial Collaboration Techinical Colloboration Financial collaboration refers to collaboration where there is equity participation. It is regulated by the sectoral caps only and equity is permitted in almost all the sectors till the extent as mentioned in the Foreign Direct Investment Policy. Foreign Direct Investment is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities excluding only few sectors which are prohibited like real estate etc and few where prior approval from FIPB is required. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. om info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration As per press note 3 (2005 Series) issued by DIPP prior government approval for new proposals would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an existing joint venture in the â€Å"same field† [refer Annexure I for detailed discussion]. Same field as defined in the same press note mean 4 digit NIC 1987 code. In case of Financial collaboration a new Indian company [referred as Joint venture Company or JVC here in after] is formed, shares of which are subscribed by a foreign party and the Indian Company. When the money is received by Indian company [JVC] for subscription of shares by Foreign Company it has to intimate the RBI within 30 days of the receiving of Consideration and within 180 days of the receipt of consideration the shares are required to be allotted to foreign company, within 30 days of the allotment of shares the FC GPR Form along with Certificate from Chartered Accountant as well as Company secretary is required to be filed by Indian Company [JVC]. As far as Financial collaboration is concerned in most of the cases a Joint Venture agreement is entered separately or all the conditions of joint Venture agreement are incorporated in the Article of Association of the Company. Interalia following are the clauses in Article of Association that will need consideration so that the interest of both the Joint Venture partners is saved: 1. Shares: – There can be restriction on transferring the share of a company [by each Joint Venture Partner] that no shareholder [JV partner] shall transfer the shares without the approval from other JV partner. The shares shall be offered to the other shareholder first before selling to the third party. How the fair value of the shares to be transferred shall be determined. There can be Lock in period for holding the shares. 2. Meetings:-The Quorum for the General meeting shall be at least one Shareholder? s representative appointed by both parties respectively. 3. Directors: – The Minimum number of directors representing interest of each party can be placed in Article of Association. The quorum of the Board Meeting can be framed to consist at least one Director appointed by each of the parties. The clauses can be put to safeguard interest of each party as to items where consent shall be given by way of affirmative voting by each party director. 2 Foreign technology agreements and collaborations For promoting technological capability and competitiveness of Indian Industry, acquisition of foreign technology is promoted through foreign technology collaborations. Foreign technology agreements and collaborations are permitted either through the automatic route under delegated powers exercised by the Reserve Bank of India, or by the Government. The items of foreign technology collaboration, which are eligible for approval through the automatic route and by the Government, are A. Technical know-how fees, B. Payments for designs and drawings, C. Payments for engineering services and D. Royalty TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration For entering into technology collaboration an agreement is entered into between the foreign entity and an Indian entity. You read "Foreign Collaboration" in category "Essay examples" The following should be taken into account while drafting the technology agreement that the licensed product/technical information is defined elaborately, period for which such a technology/knowhow is transferred, what is transferred and what is not transferred and what are exclusive and non exclusive rights transferred, manner of calculation of payment and schedule of payment, cost of foreign Technicians, which party will bear the taxes if etc. Please note that no permission is necessary for hiring of foreign technicians and no application need be made to Government for this purpose irrespective of whether the hiring of foreign technician is under an approved collaboration agreement or not]. As said earlier the collaboration can be through automatic route or government route. Below is the brief discussion regarding the same:- 2. 1 Automatic Route for Foreign Technology Agreements: The Reserve Bank of India, through its regional offices, accords automatic approval to all industries for foreign technology collaboration agreements subject to: The lump sum payments not exceeding US $2 million; Where there s technology Transfer :- Royalty payment being limited to 5 per cent for domestic sales and 8 per cent for exports, subject to a total payment of 8 per cent in sales without any restriction on the duration of the payments; and Where there is no technology Transfer: – The Government of India also permits payment of royalties of up to 2 per cent on exports and 1 per cent for domestic sales under automatic route on use of trademarks and brand names of the foreign collaborator without technology transfer. ? ? ? Also, Clarification was brought in by department via press note dated 23-12-2005 that as FDI upto 100% is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities automatic route is also allowed for foreign technology collaboration where the payments are within 5% for domestic sales and 8% for exports. 2. 2 Government Approval for Foreign Technology Agreements As per press note 1(2005 series) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an existing joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the „same? ield. The onus to provide requisite justification and also proof to the satisfaction of the Government that the new proposal would or would not in any way jeopardize the interests of the existing joint venture or technology/trademark partner or other stakeholders would lie equally on the foreign investor/technology supplier and the Indian partner. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration In cases where the foreign investor has a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the „same? field prior approval of the Government will not be required in the following cases: i. Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI); ii. where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent; iii. Where the existing venture/collaboration is defunct or sick. Remittance of Royalty/Technical Fee General permission has been given permission to authorised dealers by Reserve bank of India vide (DIR Series) Circular No. 76 dated 24th Feb 2004 to allow remittances for royalty and payment of Lump sum fee provided the payment; provided the royalty does not exceeds 5% of the domestic sales and 8% on exports and Lump sum fees does not exceeds USD 2 Million. Prior approval from Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Government of India in case exceeds the above said payments. In terms of Rule 4 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules 2000, prior approval of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, is required for drawing foreign exchange for remittances under technical collaboration agreements where payment of royalty exceeds 5% on local sales and 8% on exports and lump-sum payment exceeds USD 2 million [item 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000]. However as per RBI/2009-10/465 A. P. (DIR Series) Circular No. 2 dated 13 May 2010 the Government of India has reviewed the extant policy with regard to liberalization of foreign technology agreement and it was decided to omit item number 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000, and the entry relating thereto. Accordingly, AD Category-I banks may permit drawal of foreign exchange by persons for payment of royalty and lump-sum payment under technical co llaboration agreements without the approval of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India [w. . f 16 Dec 2009]. Source :http://rbidocs. rbi. org. in/rdocs/content/PDFs/AFE130510RC. pdf To sum up, success of any collaboration is dependent on the synergies that are driven from it by both parties. Therefore to achieve the desired objective of collaboration it is necessary that the matters like proper due diligence, tax structuring, drafting of joint venture agreement etc are very well taken care of. For further details get in touch at sudhag999@gmail. com TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. om info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Annexure I Source: http://dipp. nic. in/ DISCUSSION PAPER SUBJECT: APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion has decided to release Discussion Papers on various aspects related to FDI. In the series of these Disc ussion Papers, this is the third paper on „Approval of foreign/ technical collaborations in case of existing ventures/tie-ups in India?. Views and suggestions are invited on the observations made in the enclosed discussion paper, as also on the entire gamut of issues related to the subject, by October 15, 2010. 2. The views expressed in this discussion paper should not be construed as the views of the Government. The Department hopes to generate informed discussion on the subject, so as to enable the Government to take an appropriate policy decision at an appropriate time. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration DISCUSSION PAPER APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. 0 PRESENT SCENARIO: 1. 1 Paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 (Consolidated FDI Policy), specifies that investment would be subject to the „Existing Venture/ tie-up condition?. As per this condition, where a foreign investor had, prior to January 12, 2005, entered into an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field, any new proposal for investment/ technology transfer/trademark agreement, requires Government approval. The proposal has to be routed through either the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) in the Department of Economic Affairs, if fresh foreign investment is involved or the Project Approval Board (PAB) in the DIPP, if no foreign investment is involved. The 4 digit National Industrial Classification (NIC), 1987 Code, would be the basis for determining if the field was the same . 1. 2 The onus to demonstrate that the proposed new tie-up would not jeopardize the xisting joint venture or technology transfer/ trademark partner, lies equally on the foreign investor/ technology supplier and the Indian partner. 1. 3 The policy aims at protecting the interests of joint venture partners of agreements entered into, prior to January 12, 2005. Foreign collaboration agreements, both financial and technical, entered into after January 12, 2005, have been exempted from this stipulation. This is because such joint venture agreements are expected to include a „conflict of interest? lause, so as to safeguard the interests of joint venture partners, in the event of one of the partners desiring to set up another joint venture or a wholly owned subsidiary in the same field of economic activity. 1. 4 Five categories of investments have, however, been exempted from the requirement of Government approval, even though the foreign investor may be having a joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field. These are a) Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI ), b)Investments by Multinational Financial Institutions like the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation(IFC), Commonwealth Finance Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG), c) Where, in the existing joint venture, investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent d)Where the existing joint venture / collaboration is defunct or sick and e) Investments in the Information Technology or mining sectors. 2. 0 2. 1 EVOLUTION OF THE PRESENT REGIME: PRESS NOTE 18 (1998 SERIES) In Press Note 18 (1998 series), Government set out the following guidelines for approval of foreign / technical collaborations, under the automatic route, in cases where previous ventures/ tie-ups existed within India. a) Automatic route for bringing in FDI and/or technology collaboration agreements (including trade-mark agreements), would not be available to those who have or had any previous joint-venture or technology transfer/trade-mark agreement, in the „same? or „allied? field, in India. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. om 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration b) Government approval route was, necessary in such cases. Detailed circumstances under which it was found necessary to set-up a new joint venture/enter into new technology transfer (including trade-mark) were required to be furnished at the time of seeking approval. c) The onus was clearly on such investors/techno logy suppliers, to provide the requisite justification /proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would not, in any manner, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/trade-mark partner or other stakeholders. It was at the sole discretion of the FIPB/ PAB, to either approve the application with or without conditions or to reject it in toto, duly recording the reasons for doing so. 2. 2 PRESS NOTE 10 (1999 SERIES) Press Note 10 (1999 series) defined the meaning of the terms â€Å"same field† and â€Å"allied field† as under: o o â€Å"same field† – four-digit NIC 1987code â€Å"allied field† – three-digit NIC 1987code The Press Note further clarified that, only proposals for foreign collaboration, falling under same four-digit or three-digit classifications, in terms of their past or existing joint ventures in India, would attract the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 3 PRESS NOTE 2 (2000 SERIES) With a view to further liberalize the FDI regime, the Government issued Press Note 2 (2000 series), wherein all activities were placed under the automatic route for FDI, except for a specified negative list. Sector-specific guidelines were attached to this Press Note. In respect of the mining sector, it was mentioned that the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series) would not be applicable for setting up 100% owned subsidiaries, subject to a declaration from the applicant that he had no existing joint-venture for the same area and/ or the particular mineral. 2. 4 PRESS NOTE 8 (2000 SERIES) Press Note 8 (2000 series), recognized the special nature and needs of the IT sector. With a view to further simplify approval procedures and facilitate greater investment inflows into the IT sector in the country, FDI proposals elating to the IT sector were exempted from the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 5 PRESS NOTE 1 (2001 SERIES) This Press Note provided for exemptions from the provisions of Press Note 18 for investments made in domestic companies by International Financial Institutions, such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescels chaft (DEG) etc. Accordingly, such International Financial Institutions were permitted to invest in domestic companies, through the automatic route, subject to SEBI/ RBI regulations and sector-specific caps on FDI. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration 2. 6 PRESS NOTE 1 (2005 SERIES) 1. Following the introduction of Press Note 18 (1998 series), certain representations were made by foreign investors. They pointed out that: a) The Press Note had the effect of overriding the contractual terms agreed to with the Indian partners. ) Domestic investors were using the provisions of the Press Note as a means of extracting unreasonable prices / commercial advantage. The Press Note was, thus, becoming a stumbling block for further FDI coming into the country. c) The term â€Å"allied field† was very widely defined, as it included even those products which would not have caused jeopardy to the manufacture of existing products. d) For eign investors were being singled out to present their defence, without the Indian partner being asked to justify the existence of jeopardy. . Press Note 1 (2005 series), issued on 12 January, 2005, addressed these issues by amending the earlier guidelines. New proposals for foreign investment/technical collaboration were allowed under the automatic route, subject to sectoral policies and the following revised guidelines: a) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor had a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the ‘same’ field, existing as on the date of the Press Note i. . 12 January, 2005. b) The onus to provide requisite justification and proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would or would not, in any way, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/ trademark partner or other stakeholders, would lie equally on the foreign investor/ technolog y supplier and the Indian partner. ) Even in cases where the foreign investor had a joint-venture or technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the ‘same’ field, prior approval of the Government would not be required in the following cases: Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) or ii) where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties was less than 3% or iii) where the existing venture/ collaboration was defunct or sick i) d) In so far as joint ventures to be entered into after the date of the Press Note were concerned, the joint venture agreements could embody a ‘conflict of interest’ clause, to safeguard the interests of joint-venture partners, in the event of one of the partners desiring to set up another joint-venture or a wholly-owned-subsidiary, in the ‘same’ field of economic activity. 2. 7 PRESS NOTE 3 (2005 SERIES) TAXPERT Professionals | ww w. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Subsequently, Press Note 3 (2005 series), issued on 15 March, 2005, clarified that: a) For the purposes of Press Note 1 (2005 Series), the definition of „same? field would continue to be 4-digit NIC 1987 Code. ) Proposals in the Information Technology sector, and the mining sector, continued to remain exempt from the application of Press Note 1 (2005 Series). c) For the purpose of avoiding any ambiguity, it was further reiterated that, jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, existing on the date of issue of the said Press Note (i. e. 12. 1. 2005), would be treated as existing jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, for the purposes of that Press Note. 3. 0 APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS IN PRACTICE: 3. 1 FIPB considered 566 proposals during the calendar year 2009, out of which 16% related to matters linked with Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005, wherein the applicants had a joint-venture / technology transfer agreement, with an Indian partner, as on 12 January, 2005. 3. Some of the principles emerging from the cases discussed in the FIPB 1 are set out below: a) In case the existing joint-venture has become defunct, there may not be any jeopardy to the Indian partner, in case the foreign collaborator wishes to set up a new venture. b) „Jeopardy? should not be invoked as a measure to stifle legitimate business activity and prevent competition. The issue of „jeopardy? has to be examined in light of the extant business agreements/arrangements between the parties. c) „Jeopardy? may not be established in cases where technology licence agreements have expired, as per terms mutually agreed by the joint-venture partners. d) In location specific projects/ activities, the concept of „jeopardy? cannot be extended beyond the area originally envisaged in the agreement. In such cases, „jeopardy? eeds to be viewed in a location-spec ific context. 3. 3 The FIPB Review, 2009 has observed that: â€Å"While critics may feel that Press Note 1 has outlived its utility, the high pitched debate on the issue of jeopardy and Indian JV partners alleging foul play by the foreign collaborator cannot make us oblivious to its continuing relevance. † 4. 0 PRACTICES IN OTHER EMERGING MARKETS (CHINA AND BRAZIL): 1 FIPB Review, 2009 TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Emerging economies, such as Brazil and China, do not have any such corresponding requirements, under their foreign investment regimes. 5. CONCERNS RELATED TO LIBERALISING THE ‘EXISTING VENTURE/ TIE-UP CONDITION’: 5. 1 In 1998, the main policy concern was to protect the interests of domestic jointventure partners/ technology collaborators, who may have been less advantageously placed, in comparison to their foreign counterparts, insofar as their ability to influence the ter ms of future business engagement were concerned. It was felt that an element of Government oversight was necessary, so that future collaborations were subjected to the test of „jeopardy? and existing domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators were not placed in a position wherein their survival was threatened. 5. This policy framework was relaxed in 2005, while maintaining a balance between the need to ensure healthy foreign investment inflows and the need to ensure that survival of the domestic industry was not threatened. The main elements of the „existing venture/ tie-up condition? were retained, underlining Government? s concerns about ensuring the continued sustenance and growth of the domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators, in collaboration with their foreign partners. 6. 0 THE CASE FOR REVIEW OF THE EXTANT REGIME: 6. 1 The „existing venture/ tie-up condition? has now been in existence, as a formal measure under the FDI polic y, for nearly twelve years. It was last reviewed in 2005. There is a need to examine whether such a conditionality continues to be relevant in the present day context. 6. 2 The „existing venture/ tie-up condition? currently applies only to those joint-ventures which have been in existence as on or prior to 12 January, 2005. With more than five years having elapsed, it can be argued that the issue of „jeopardy? is, no longer relevant, as the Indian partners could have recovered their investments substantially during this period of time. 6. 3 The Indian industry today is in a much stronger position than it was in the 1990s, when the condition was first introduced. It, therefore, needs to be seen whether there is a need to continue with the elements of such a regime even today. 6. Further, industry has to increasingly become more competitive. This is particularly relevant in an era of globalization, where a number of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Comprehensive Economic Cooperation/ Partnership Agreements (CEPAs/CEPAs) are in pla ce . In such a scenario, if an industry is discouraged from being set up in India, it could be set up in a neighbouring country, with whom a trade agreement exists or is being negotiated. Competition today, is not only between domestic players inter se but also between international and domestic players. Dumping of goods from some of countries has posed serious threats to the survival of domestic industries. Between 1992 and 2010 (May), the Directorate General for anti Dumping (DGAD) has initiated anti-dumping investigations into 253 cases involving 38 countries/territories (considering 27 EC countries as a single territory). The major product categories on which anti-dumping duty has been levied are chemicals petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fibres /yarns, steel and other metal products and consumer goods. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Limiting international technology agreements through measures described above may constrain the growth of strong and competitive domestic industries. 6. It is also a moot point whether Government policy should intervene in the commercial sphere and override contractual terms agreed to between the parties, given the need to promote healthy competition, and ensure sustained long-term economic growth. It can be argued that Government should not be concerned about commercial iss ues between two business partners. 6. 6 The measure discriminates between the foreign investors who had shown confidence in India, by investing in the country prior to 2005 and those who invested later. 6. 7 The condition may be restricting a number of investors, who may not be able to reach agreement with their Indian partners on their future investment plans, thereby restricting the inflow of foreign capital and technology into the country. 6. 8 A related issue is the concept of „same field?. Press Note 1 of 2005 significantly limited the scope of the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series), as the latter applied only to the â€Å"same field† and not the much wider â€Å"allied field†. However, in the present day context, even the concept of â€Å"same field† may not be an accurate indicator for determining whether the new venture would jeopardize the interest of the existing joint-venture partner. This is because , the NIC four digit Codes, even after revision , may still not fully reflect the complexities related to the concept of the „same? industry and may often tend to cover a wide range of industrial activities under the same head. As an example, the activity of „manufacturing of seat belts? may not jeopardize the activity of „manufacturing of car steering?. However, both fall under the „same field? under the NIC Code of 1987. Further, the NIC Codes of 1987 may not accurately represent many of the business situations in the current complex and diversified industrial environment, leading to difficulties in interpretation. 7. 0 POLICY OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION : 7. 1 For the reasons mentioned in Paras 6. 1 to 6. 8, should the „existing venture/ tie-up conditions? last amended in Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005 and now included as paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 be totally abolished? 7. 2 Alternatively, if it is felt that such a condition should continue for some more time, should calibrated relaxations be introduced ? These could include exemptions from the application of the condition in cases where: a) The existing venture/tie up is more than say 10 years old b) If the activity of the new venture is demonstrably different from the activity of the existing venture/tie up, even though it has the same NIC field. Are there any other contingencies where such exemptions should be considered? The article is contributed by CA. Sudha G. Bhushan, She is a Chartered Accountant and a company secretary. She is advisor to many international companies on international tax matters and FEMA Advisory services. She can be reached at sudha@taxpertpro. com. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 How to cite Foreign Collaboration, Essay examples

Holism Versus Reductionism

Question: Describe the Holism versus Reductionism and explain how it is used as a tool for problem solving? Answer: Holism: In the holism, the entire system is considered rather than merely its parts or constituents. Holism basically refers to a system or approach, in which the focus is on the whole thing and is on more priority as compared to the parts, it is constituted of. When holism approach is adopted, the large entities or organizations are not broken down for the purpose of understanding it. Holism enables in the problem solving. In this system, it is believed that the complex problems of natural systems can be understood as a whole and cannot be solved in terms of its parts. For instance, whenever an individual gets ill, it is considered as his whole body is not healthy. It is not said that his individual parts of body are not healthy. Another common example of holism, which can be seen in daily lives is that the holistic brand. Holistic brand implies that the image or reputation of a company is always taken as image of whole company rather than the individual parts of the company. Similarly, in 'Ferranti Effect', the total voltage at the receiving end is more than the voltage at the sending end. In short, the overall total of voltage is more than the constituting parts. Reductionism: This approach implies that to solve a problem the bigger complex thing is broken down to its simplest constituting parts. While applying this approach, it is presumed that the larger parts of a system can be better understood if they are broken into smaller parts and then thoroughly studied. Thus, as opposed to holism, the whole here is studied as its parts. For instance, the system of the whole car is better understood by studying its different parts separately like its engine, wheels, accelerator etc. similar approach can be seen in the work and research of Baron- Cohen et al.. According to him, a small phenomenon (empathy) if understood first, can lead to a better understanding about the bigger area (autism). Various scientific methods can be used for this purpose because in case of some bigger systems, the smaller parts can be studied only under special environment and settings like standard methods, also known as reliability and greater control, also known as validity. Reduction ism is a kind of supplement to holism, according to which every entity or system is composed of small basic parts and if these basic smaller parts are understood, the entire system can be understood on the basis of that. An example of this approach is: A merged electrical circuit is made up of various separable and individual elements such as: capacitance, resistance and thus the flow of current can be considered as the total sum of these individual parts. In general, the two approaches: holism and reductionism are not as such contrary to each other, but differ only in terms of their focus. One concentrates on the relationship between various parts of a large entity and the other on the parts properties. In short, both supplement each other and are not conflicting with each other. System thinking The other name for system thinking is the systemic thinking, which means implies to think about the whole rather than its parts. It implies that the evolving properties can neither be observed nor be altered just by studying or understanding the individual components. In the systems thinking approach, emphasis is laid down on the relationships between the various parts, as compared to just viewing them in isolation. It also implies to take into account the environment, circumstances or context that is present around a specific system, which is under study, thus, it can be said that the systems thinking, in a way, is also contextual thinking, which gain implies to understand any system within the context or meaning of a bigger whole. It has also been termed as holistic thinking by some people. An illustration of this can be understood with the help of an example of a car. If certain improvements are being made to the say, accelerator or the steering wheel, can it guarantee for the increased speed of that car? The obvious answer to this would be no. the reason behind this will be that improvements were being made only in the individual parts and not in the car as a whole. The same theory holds true for many other complex systems as well as large organizations. For more clarity of the systems thinking, a situation can be analyzed. For instance, the employees engaged in the department of operations of a manufacturing company complain that they are facing many internet and mail related issues, which needs a lot of time and effort for resolution of these issues. This is because the lead time for resolving these issues by the help desk of the information technology (IT) is quite high. Usually, the first thought that will come into the mind of a practitioner to sort out this issue would be the launch of a Six Sigma project so that the lead time required for resolution of such IT issues can be reduced. But, however, the systems thinking, however, will give recommendation of first understanding why and where of this issue along with the interrelationships, already existing in the system. The receiver of such a large number of requests by the IT helpdesk is mainly due to the reason that employees lack such basic skills. With the application of the systems thinking, such an issue is solved by making provision of training for all the employees, with the purpose of improving and enhancing their basic skills related to computers. Problem solving as a tool: Systems thinking can be used as a means of efficient tool for understanding and solving the complex problems. However, thinking, which is required at the time of solving a problem is entirely different from the time of its creation. For appropriate solution, thinking should be in the right direction. In many situations, it happens that in spite of making all efforts in all directions, the problem is not solved. Here comes the role of systems thinking approach. Systems Thinking Meets Challenges offered by Change: Systems thinking helps in meeting the challenges posed by changes to a great extent, as the consequences faced in future due to the choices made by people today become real due to systems thinking. It can be understood as follows that system thinking: Explains the reason behind the usual thinking of people, when they do not want to accept change. Clarifies as to why change is required for greater success. Provides explanation as to how interaction between different thoughts and behavior of different people lead to experience; and Makes recommendations for the improvement of performance of different individuals and hence the organization as a whole. Systems Approach applied to Project Management The performance and improvement techniques for organizational systems are explained by the Systems Thinking (ST) Approaches as: Functional Systems Approach Interpretive Systems Approach Structural Systems Approach Project Management is a very important field of everything. A good project management can result only under the guidance of a good project manager, who has not only technical skills but also possesses communication and leadership qualities. Project Management involves the execution of complex systems and can be improved with the help of engineering tool like a system modeling for solving the problems of communication. Nowadays, with the help of the internet and the availability of standard softwares in the industries, it has become very convenient to access the modeling tools in a particular. Thus, learning of such tolls has become easier and hence the development of simple and real model. The vision of a project as visualized by a customer may be right or misleading. However, the visualization by a project team is more realistic because it focuses on the achievement of results and also provides guidelines to the team for the same. At this stage, the communication process is very crucial. It is the stage, when the goals of the project and the ways of its achievement explain to the team and is called project scope. Its very essential to formulate the outcomes of the project so as to understand if a balance is maintained between the vision of the customer about the project and the essentials required for its achievement. And a model of the system that will be developed in the project, whether it is a building, a machine, a software or a policy, can easily correspond to the prototype tool described in. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that the major point of discussion is not as to what are the obstacles, which are to be crossed in various intra as well as interdisciplinary approach, but the main fact to be focused here is that under the scientific synthesis, the systems of holism and reductionism are not in conflict or in contradiction ideologically, philosophically or practically. Overall, it can be said in crux that the approach of reductionism has been just more scientific as compared to holism. With this approach, a more statistical analysis of the data is possible, thus opening gates of more research. While on the other hand, results of a holistic experiment lack empirical evidence and are not so reliable or scientific.

The Move Essays - Hamar, , Term Papers, Research Papers

The Move The two neighborhoods that I grew up in are Rogers Court and Hamar Drive I lived on Rogers Court from the time I was born until I was 11 years old. My family and I then moved to Hamar Drive. The two neighborhoods were both in Pleasant Hill, but they were very different in many ways. Rogers Court was extremely friendly; it had small houses and was a very close-knit neighborhood, not to mention my best friend lived across the street. Hamar Drive had snotty people; big houses and no one knew anybody. Rogers Court! Just hearing the name makes me smile. The neighborhood was just like a family since everyone knew each other and the parents looked out for each other's children. The street had a cozy look to it. The front yards looked like a huge kid's playroom. The houses on Rogers Court all looked the same because they all had the same floor plan, and built by the same people. All the houses were one story with huge backyards. Each house was a different color, like red, brown and one was as blue as the sky. Every front yard had a different tree from the next one, they all had different bushes and mail boxes. My yard had a tree that dropped little round balls that had little things poking out of them, we called these things monkey balls. You couldn't run across the yard bare foot because you would step on them and they hurt. When driving down Rogers Court children everywhere. The boys were usually on their bikes chasing the girls and the girls were playing with dolls or just talking. When all the kids got together we would usually play freeze tag or play in someone's back yard. At night we would play laser tag. It was a lot of fun because it was dark and we would run around and shoot each other. The boys always would team up against the girls; therefore they always won. Sometimes we would go to the church behind my house and play in the playground, other times we would go to the old women across the street whom we called Grandma Heath. She had a rock shed that we called the rock house. We would play house in there for hours. Grandma Heath would make us dress up clothes and she always made us lunch. When people drove up and down the street they drove slow, making sure not to hit kids or pets. Everyone had cats. There were so many cats that it was hard to keep track of all of them. I think that some of the cats were from other neighborhoods. We were the only family to have a dog, her name was Coco; and she would protect the kids. If someone came in the back yard she would bark and bark so much that my parents would come out to see whom it was. It was always just a neighbor checking up on their kid. Then the parents would stay and talk for a while about what was going on with each other's family. I lived on Rogers Court until I was 11 years old, then my family and I moved to Hamar Drive I lived with my parents on Hamar Drive until I graduated from high school then I moved out on my own. The move to Hamar Dr was at first exciting. We were moving from a one story house to a two story house and I was going to have my own bedroom. I can remember driving down the street and wondering where were the kids. I thought to myself who am I going to play with? I can remember all the houses were the same color white with blue trim and the lawns looked like they were for decoration and the not for playing on. All the houses had front yards that were small. Every yard had the same tree a Fruitless Mulberry. In the winter they were cut back and they looked ugly. In the fall all the leaves fell to the ground. My brother, sister and I were supposed to go out and rake up the leaves. We would always

Fire Investigation Project in Hampshire Area

Fire Investigation Project in Hampshire Area Project Aim The aim of this project is the proposed creation of a dedicated team of fire investigators within the Hampshire area. It is expected that through this initial paper, a detailed report could be created which would result in efficient and effective operations for the fire investigation team.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Fire Investigation Project in Hampshire Area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Project Objectives The objectives of this project are as follows: Develop the necessary technology structure utilizing cost effective software so as to enable the fire investigation team to rapidly respond to structural safety concerns presented by the local citizenry. This is to be developed within the first month of the project’s inception. Determine what management practices should be present that can be utilized to create a rapid response team so as to investigate problematic areas that have bee n identified. This objective should be underway during the second month of operation after all personnel have been hired and brought up to date regarding local procedures and policies involving fire prevention. Create a crowd sourced method of fire investigation wherein people can report the source of potential fires for investigation by the fire investigation team. This crowd sourced method of investigation should be developed and implemented during the first 2 months of operation and must be functional by the third month. Create a risk management plan in order to ensure that proper procedures are followed when a hazard has been identified. After three months have passed and the proper management support practices are in place, it would be necessary to develop this particular objective. Envision what sort of community relations procedure must be present due to the importance of proper community relations in aspects related to fire hazard identification and management. This facet ca n be completed 6 months after the project’s inception once sufficient community knowledge and understanding has been developed regarding the fire investigation team. Business Case Located on the Southern Coast of England, the county of Hampshire can be considered an amalgam of the old and the new. The area has had a long maritime history and contains two of the largest ports in England, however, the area is also home to many historic landmarks and seaside resorts due to its status as the former capital city of England. It should be noted though that the sheer density of the local population (1,322,300) combined with the number of annual visitors (estimated at 7.5 million per year) has resulted in a considerable population density within some of the cities in the county with the old and new mixing together into cramped potentially disastrous combinations for fires. While the Hampshire Fire and Rescue service (established in 1948) has done an excellent job in helping to contai n the number of fires within the county, the fact remains that recent data on the number of fires within Hampshire show that 1 to 2 fires occur per month in far flung regions. Due to the amount of time it takes to identify the location of a fire and to actually get there, it is often the case that property damage has reached an absurdly high level. It is due to this that a method of fire prevention needs to be enacted wherein potential fire hazards are identified early on and dealt with before escalating into a problem where fire trucks are needed. Based on this, a team of fire investigators needs to be established within Hampshire in order to ensure that there is a means of prevention alongside current practices of Fire and Rescue Service which create a positive impact on the various regions within Hampshire County.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Should the board allocate the necessary amount of funds to bring this project about, not only will it help to reduce the amount of fires within the Hampshire region through better and more efficient fire investigation processes, but it would also help to generate greater public awareness and create the necessary policies so as to ensure that the work that the fire investigation team lives after them. This will be in the form of better social awareness and enacted policies that ensure a safe environment free from the dangers of a sudden fire. Activities One of the main problems of fire prevention within most towns, cities, and urban areas is the proper identification of potential fire hazards before they become actual fires. AsBesner Hobbs (2012) explains, the current level of population density within most urban areas has reached such an extent that properly investigating every possible area where a fire hazard is present is simply not feasible(Besner Hobbs 2012, pp. 24-46). Besner Hobbs (2 012) points to the fact that most fire and rescue services have merely 3 or 5 investigators present and they are often tasked with the determining the cause of fires and creating public service announcements or policies related to proper fire hazard prevention. They, in no way, could search an entire city or region even if the amount of personnel was increased by a factor of 10. Fire departments often depend on the calls of local citizens regarding potential fire hazards in order to properly identify them, however, such calls are few and far between which often leads to potential hazards becoming actual dangers for people and property alike. It is due to this that the proposed management system for the Hampshire Fire and Rescue service is the creation of a public crowd sourced method of fire hazard identification in order for fire investigators to follow potential leads and respond as necessary. The proposed public crowd sourced method of fire hazard investigation takes the form of a service similar to that of Ushahidi.com (which is African for witness). This service utilizes current mobile phone architecture so that local citizens can identify hotspots on a map in combination with Googles map service. Process such as these are more efficient than relying on human beings since they are not limited by human biology, rather they can be easily modified or adapted in order to perform ever more complex tasks.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Fire Investigation Project in Hampshire Area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such a feat is not possible with an average worker since they can neither be expected to move 10 times faster, grow 2 more heads or have 10 arms. Not only that, mobile phones are an ubiquitous aspect of many residents of Hampshire with many of them possessing smart phones that can connect to online applications. By utilizing the Ushahidi application and placing a small message reg arding the type of fire hazard present, an average citizen thus becomes an instrument that enables fire investigators to instantly know where potential fire hazards are present resulting in the creation of new policies or direct methods of intervention so as to address the problems found in the identified areas. This would result in an efficient and effective method of addressing possible fire hazards thereby reducing their occurrence within the Hampshire region. The activities for this project are as follows: Initial project inception wherein the incorporation of the investigators into the Hampshire fire and rescue department will be done. Hiring period of the fire investigators Training period for the prospective investigators Development and implementation of the crowd sourced fire investigation application. Promotion of the online application through local council initiatives as well as television and radio announcements that specifically target the Hampshire region Development of the scheduling and management system for the fire investigation team. Separating the investigation and search positions of the team on a revolving basis so as to ensure that all members of the team are familiar with the protocols and areas where reports of fires are concentrated Staffing Through the work of Patanakul Shenhar (2012), it was noted that proper staffing principles are necessary in order to ensure efficient operational procedures (Patanakul Shenhar 2012, pp. 4-20). Staffing for this management plan consists of 6 full time fire investigators whose express purpose is to shift through the accumulated data brought in by the Fire Control application. The staff for this project will be divided into the following: Supervisor a supervisor will be necessary in order to develop the rotating schedule for field investigation and the examination of data sent in via the fire investigation application. A supervisor will also be necessary in order to help steer the course of th e fire investigation so as to avoid complacency. This involves the development of the necessary metrics that all members of the team must follow so as to continue to remain a part of the unit. Prospective candidates for this position must have at least 5 years prior experience in the public administration with some experience in dealing with fire and rescue operations. Senior Fire investigator the role of a senior fire investigator is to lead those under him during search procedures on various areas within Hampshire. His/her primary purpose is to help transition the members of the fire investigation staff in to utilizing the proper safety procedures in conducting field examinations of potential fire hazards. Junior Fire Investigator Consisting of four individuals, the junior fire investigator unit is in charge of conducting field searches and examining the data of reports submitted by the general public in order to determine patterns in areas that have been labelled as fire hazard s. It is the responsibility of the unit to create an urgency list for investigations and to assist the senior fire investigator in all aspects of the investigation process. Activities of the Staff The general activities of the staff entails:Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More observing fire hazard trends within local areas, identification of potential hazards under a priority scheme where red is the highest, green is the lowest and yellow is for various levels of urgency in between. Examination of current U.K. policies surrounding fire safety, current policies that are in place in Hampshire, the current legislative environment within the surrounding regions as well as the policies that are already in place in order to deal with fire hazards. Create new policies and proposals in order to deal with fire hazard trends within specific areas of Hampshire. Advocate the implementation of various types of local legislation in order to deal with the trends in fire hazards and safety. Staff for the project will be scheduled into two distinct types of activities on a weekly basis which they will exchange every two days. This consists of the activity mentioned earlier involving the analysis of submitted reports and the development of the necessary policies to addre ss identified trends within particular areas. The second activity consists of the fire investigators physically going to locations that have been labelled as high priority in order to determine whether there is need for direct intervention to prevent a fire hazard from becoming a fire. Benefits Earlier within this paper, it has been mentioned that the breadth and width of the Hampshire area along with the continuously increasing number of tourists and residents make it difficult if not impossible for the Hampshire Fire and Rescue department to arrive early enough to prevent consideration property damage from occurring. It is based on this that by implementing a proactive means of identifying potential fire hazards early on this can help to reduce the overall number of fires that occur within Hampshire. It is estimated that on a yearly basis Hampshire actually loses 50 million pounds through fire related damage whether in urban or rural areas. By implementing a fire investigation te am, it would be possible to reduce property related damage to less than 5 million pounds and in the process save the lives of local residents. These benefits take into consideration a myriad of possibilities that may occur that would cause a fire to start. Project Costs Costs for this project would involve expenses related to hiring the 6 fire investigators, the subsequent weeks of training that would be necessary in order to get them up to speed with what the project requires as well as the promotion of the application in order to create the initial framework in the first place. It is based on this that estimated costs for this project will entail at least 1 million pounds per year. This encompasses the salary and benefits for the 6 fire investigation personnel, the maintenance costs associated with maintaining the online server for the reports of the public, utilities costs as well as various expenses related to the daily operation of the department. While it may seem that a milli on pounds is a considerable amount, when factoring in the nearly 50 million pounds in property damage within Hampshire that come about as a direct result of fire hazards, the amount of money necessary to fund the department seems downright cheap in comparison especially when factoring the potential lives that could be saved as a direct result of the projects inception. In total, the estimated cost of this project is  £ 1,200,000 with the  £ 1,000,000 being allocated for essential expenses while the  £200,000 is for possible nonessentials that the fire investigation team may need. Milestones Milestones for the company involve the following: Budget allotment and software development. This is the initial milestone needed to develop the project, it involves negotiations with Hampshire county city officials for the necessary budgetary allotment in order to hire the fire investigators as well as the purchase the necessary equipment, and pay for the daily utilities expenses necessar y to keep operations going. It is expected that this particular milestone should be one of the hardest steps given the current state of the U.K. financial system and the current budgetary restrictions local councils have to deal with. Hiring and training of the Fire Investigators. This milestone encompasses the hiring of the fire investigators necessary for the project to be put underway. The training period of the fire investigators involving local fire protection policies and strategies as well as use of the software is expected to take 3 to 4 weeks at which point the fire investigators are expected to make recommendations regarding additional types of equipment they may need in order to properly perform their job (i.e. thermal sensors, temperature gauges etc.). Development of the scheduling system. In order for the fire investigation team to properly do its job, it would be necessary to develop a scheduling system to ensure that onsite (i.e. within the offices of the investigatio n team) and offsite responses to the fire hazard reports are made. Promotion of the fire investigation team and mobile phone based report system. The fourth aspect of this project involves the promotion of the fire investigation team to the general public and releasing the fire report application through the Apple iTunes store and the Android market place as a free application. Risk Management Plan In order to retain the fire investigators, it would be necessary to develop internal policies that allow a certain degree of flexibility when it comes to scheduling, time off and the implementation of worker based strategies for improving the performance of the project as well as various insurance policies such as health and life insurance due to the possibility of death and injury while working. Possible risks associated with this particular project come in the form of: On the job dangers such as being within a building or near an area that has been reported by the general public as po ssessing a high likelihood of bursting into flames. Resentment on the part of property owners involving a search of their property by the fire investigation team due to the possible presence of a fire hazard. Various health risks related to smoke inhalation, particulates and chemical fumes that are a regular aspect of job of this particular nature. In order to resolve such risks the following solutions have been developed in order to manage them: Providing each fire investigation team with the necessary thermal and chemical detectors in order to be able to investigate an area from a reasonable enough distance to ensure their safety. Sourcing a variety of protection fire and chemical protection equipment such as flame retardant suits and gas masks to ensure that during the process of searching a property the investigation team is not exposed to potentially harmful substances. Lastly, all members of the fire investigation team will be given a special warrant backed by the local city council to be able to investigate areas that have been identified as potential fire hazards. This ensures that local property owners cannot violently (without serious repercussions) harm a member of the fire investigation team during the process of investigation. Costs Associated costs for these protective measures is estimated at 200,000 pounds and is included in the yearly operational budget. Documents Management Plan All documents will be managed in accordance with the Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service’s document management system Reference List Besner, C, Hobbs, B 2012, An Empirical Identification of Project Management Toolsets and a Comparison Among Project Types, Project Management Journal, 43, 5, pp. 24-46, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost. Matthews, R, Marzec, P 2012, Social capital, a theory for operations management: a systematic review of the evidence, International Journal Of Production Research, 50, 24, pp. 7081-7099, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost. Pat anakul, P 2013, Key Drivers of Effectiveness in Managing a Group of Multiple Projects, IEEE Transactions On Engineering Management, 60, 1, pp. 4-17, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost. Patanakul, P, Shenhar, A 2012, What project strategy really is: The fundamental building block in strategic project management, Project Management Journal, 43, 1, pp. 4-20, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost.

Character Is Fate

Character is Fate – Essay â€Å"A man’s character is his fate† once said the Greek philosopher Heraclites. By this he meant that our personalities and actions shape the outcomes of our lives and therefore our destiny. This statement opposes the traditional view that man’s fate is determined by an external force (name it god or even chance). This argument is basically one of faith: do you believe we shape our own futures by how we act, or are our lives programmed in a certain unchangeable way? In other words, do you believe in an omnipotent being that has our lives or at least our futures predetermined? As we shall see, a man’s character defines his life (as his behaviour, emotions and actions determine his daily life), but I believe that our fate is predetermined and unchangeable and that there is divine intervention, therefore a matter that we have no control over. To support the fact that we might be able to define our daily life but not our fates or futures there is the unanswered question of ‘why do bad things happen to good people? Furthermore, character is not the only aspect in deciding a man’s fate: external events (chance and Nature) will also alter the processes and outcomes of our lives. Heraclites and Novalis (German philosopher)[1] had an interesting argument, but unfortunately one that only applies in a utopian world. Many people believe that a person’s personality determines their place in life, therefore supporting Heraclites’ idea. Basically, this suggests that depending on how a person lives, what he does and how he deals with events the outcome of his life will be shaped accordingly. For example, in Thomas Hardy’s ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’, we understand that Mr. Henchard’s personality flaws (his temper and his naivety especially) lead him slowly to worse situations, which finally end up in him not wanting to be remembered once he is dead. On the other hand, Farfrae, a character which is much more appealing, sensitive, humane and kind is victim of fortunate events such as the prosperity of his business and his marriage to Lucetta. Both these cases can be attributed to the fact that life is working against Henchard while it works very well for Farfrae due to their aforementioned personalities. Unquestionably, the way in which we act will attract positive or negative outcomes respectively. In this matter, we could say that we are the architects of our fates[2] and that even though it might be very difficult to do so, we can manage to change our personality and therefore change our fates in a desired direction. Fate is in our hands (or should we better say in our character), as Scottish author Samuel Smiles words tell us: â€Å"Sow a thought, and you reap an act; Sow an act, and you reap a habit; Sow a habit, and you reap a character; Sow a character, and you reap a destiny. †[3] On the other hand, if we follow the argument discussed in the previous paragraph, then we could draw the conclusion that good things should always happen to good people and bad things to bad people. In real life, this is almost never true, and in many examples we can find quite the opposite: bad things happening to good people and vice versa. How many good and innocent people have been victims of the greed of evil people such as the Holocaust, the Iraq War or the bombings in Nagasaki and Hiroshima? If we want to narrow this to a theological explanation, then we can argue that God made us all in his image, therefore making us independent of moral choice and giving us total freedom (this suggests that we can control our characters in the way we decide because we have been given the freedom to do so. I don’t support this idea, but it is however the most rational to explain why bad things happen to good people: as there are also bad people in the world that act freely, then you can be a victim of their acts no matter who you are or how you are). However, as he has given everyone freedom, then we can all be victims of good and bad from other people. [4] Your character might determine your fate, but it is not the sole factor because as we can see, bad things can happen to good people and vice versa. I believe that this is a matter of chance (the fact that a good person might get in the way of a bad one and therefore have a terrible outcome which his/her character doesn’t reflect) and even tough we might have a certain personality that should lead us to a consequent destiny, unexpected and random variables get in the way and might change the course of our fates. Definitely our character will have an important role to play in determining the outcomes of our lives, but from this idea we can draw the idea that although character controls our life, we can’t control our fates: our fates are predestined. We can call these omnipotent force God, devil, providence or chance, but the fact is that our fate has already been planned for us and even if we could change our character (making us believe that we are changing our fate), we are only changing direction into a fate we think is new, but in reality is the fate that was always predestined for us. Furthermore, character is not the only factor in determining our lives. We must consider external factors such as the environment, nature and fortune. For example, in the novel ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’ by Thomas Hardy, the main character, Mr. Henchard organizes a fair for the townspeople in order to show the people that despite what he appears to be, he is really kind and humane. Everything turns out wrong for him because heavy rain ruins the event (Nature intervenes) and later on in the book when he finally tries to redeem himself by taking good care of her daughter, he finds out that she is really not her daughter and that her real daughter died many years ago (fortune intervenes). We can’t attribute this ‘bad luck’ to Henchard’s character; this is simply a series of external factors that play against him in a random and unfortunate way. Yet another example is a Jewish story about a man, Moishe Lipsky, who moved into New York in the time of the Great Depression and when he applied for the only job he could find (a janitor), he was turned down because he was illiterate. So, he opened a little storefront and gradually became a rich and successful man. One day, when he goes to the bank to ask for a loan and he signs the papers with an X (as he was illiterate) and the loan officer tells him ‘Just think, in just a few years you have become a very rich man. It makes me wonder what you would have become if you could read and write’ and Lipsky answers ‘A janitor’. 5] It is ironical how things turn out in this story, but chance certainly plays a role in the success of this good and honest man. He arrives to America just in a difficult time and his predestined conditions make him illiterate. Without these factors of Nature, chance or omnipotence, the man could have actually turned out to be a janitor and not the successful businessman he turned out to be. Anyone who has a belief in an omnipotent body must understand that our nature is predestined and that our futures are set, so no matter what we do, we will always make our choices to lead the way to our predetermined fate. In an idealistic world, our character is certainly our fate, if no external factors (chance or nature) intervene. However, even though in practice we can definitely say that our personalities shape our destiny, I believe that God has a definite purpose for each one of us and therefore He has determined our destiny from the very first moment we were conceived. Furthermore, the fact that good things happen to bad people and vice versa reflects the fact that our fates must be predetermined, and therefore while our personalities might lead us in a certain way, our fate (whether good or bad) is already written. We can change our characters at free will and this will make us lead an ensuing life, but our destiny is set and no matter what we do, we will never be able to determine it. [1] â€Å"Character and fate are two words for the same thing† – Novalis [2] â€Å"Each man is the architect of his own fate. † – Appius Claudius [3] http://www. americanchronicle. com/articles/view/20750 [4] http://judaism. about. com/library/3_askrabbi_o/bl_simmons_murder. htm [5] http://www. petermalakoff. com/character_and_fate. html

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies - Essay Example Further, you point out that mentors help adolescents perform certain tasks and as such, give them the direction they should adopt in life. While I do not disagree entirely with this argument, mentors play bigger roles in influencing the careers that the adolescents take. Some of the parents hire mentors to help their children perform certain tasks such as cooking and washing, among others. However, other mentors seek to influence positively the life of adolescents by providing them with information and knowledge on career choices, issues affecting them and how to overcome such challenges. Adolescents thus find it easy to confine in these individuals rather than other people. In your argument, you point out the various roles played by mentors in the society. According to your argument, â€Å"mentoring is a way to prevent delinquency.† While this is true, I seek to differ in that not only do mentorship reduce delinquency, but also play a big role in developing responsible adults in the society. It is inadequate classifying mentorship as only trying to prevent delinquency. Although adolescents face a myriad of issues, the reality is that some of them find ways of overcoming these challenges, and as such, are not victims of delinquency. Nevertheless, these require mentorship on how to mentor their peers and help them adopt safe lifestyles. Expecting for this, I agree with the argument that mentors have responsibilities. All mentors should be role models for the children in whichever capacity they serve. Subsequently, they should assume work that perfectly corresponds with their credentials. While some could be relatively educated and have relative jo bs, they could demonstrate the advantages of humbleness and the need for having plans in

Law Case Study - B Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law - B - Case Study Example First, the defendant, ABC Go-Kart, owes everyone that enters the premise guarantee for their safety especially when using their equipment and cars for racing. In this particular case, the defendant’s employee fails to inspect the brakes which results in the failure of the breaks of Obama. As such an accident occurs and Robinson dies from it. Consequently, the defendant owes the plaintiff, a duty of care since it was expected that by the nature of the races that take place in the area, the waiting area should have been shielded from the tracks; thus, no wheels could fly and ram into those in the waiting area. Therefore, based on these incidences, I find that the defendant breached the duty of care by failing to exercise reasonable care in ensuring that the wheels of the cars for racing are properly fitted and the braking system is working. Consequently, they failed to show reasonable care in that the waiting area was left open when the same, according to Pennsylvania law, ought to have been covered so people would not get hurt from such incidences. Therefore, a cause in fact may be determined on these two grounds in that had it not been for the defendant’s negligent actions, the injury through death would have not occurred to the plaintiff. In considering the proximate cause for this incident, it is evident that ABC Go-Kart as the defendant would have foreseen such the scope of such an occurrence and taken adequate responsibility to prevent it. For instance, had they paid the mechanic well, he would have performed his duty accordingly and the brakes of Obama would have not failed. As a result, the plaintiff can seek for damages for such actions of negligence. The death of Professor Robinson in itself is a legal ground for which negligence can be proved hence, damages sought for. Failure of the defendant to exercise care

Post-WWII History Essay Example for Free

Post-WWII History Essay After World War II, the United States focused on putting an end to Communism. The economic climate of the immediate postwar years was conducive to the rise of the political left. The detrimental effects of depression and global war generated popular demands for widespread social, political and economic reforms. Furthermore, wartime controls made ordinary citizens believe that economic planning was the best way to restore economic growth and equity (Painter, 1999). The United States, however, underwent a shift to the right. Republican domination of both houses of Congress after the 1946 midterm elections led to the strengthening of conservative opposition to the New Deal. Despite this accomplishment, the Republicans were unable to contain the main achievements of the New Deal – unionization of heavy industry, Social Security, agricultural subsidies and civil rights militancy. Throughout Europe and in parts of the Third World, meanwhile, chaotic social, political and economic conditions resulted in the emergence of Communist parties and other leftist groups (Painter, 1999). The aforementioned developments prompted Washington to assume that a new foe was in its midst – Communism. McCarthyism: The Great American Red Scare The period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s was characterized with the rise of Communism in China and several nations in Eastern Europe. As a result, the US became fearful that it was losing the power struggle against the Soviet Union – a battle that was later known as the Cold War. This apprehension was exacerbated by suspicions that traitors within the American government were aiding the spread of Communism (Fitzgerald 2006). Such paranoia on the part of the US eventually resulted in the era of McCarthyism, a chapter in American history that was synonymous with state-sponsored Communist witch-hunts and anticommunist hysteria among the populace. Red Alert On the night of February 9, 1950, a senator from Wisconsin named Joseph McCarthy gave a Lincoln Day speech to the Republican Women’s Club of Wheeling, West Virginia. His speech on that particular evening, however, had absolutely nothing to do with Abraham Lincoln’s birthday. McCarthy’s address instead focused on the hostile relations between the US and the Soviet Union. He warned the audience that the Soviet Union intended to spread Communism throughout the US by sending spies to infiltrate the US government (Fitzgerald 2006). To prove this claim of his, McCarthy held up a piece of paper and reportedly stated: I have here in my hand a list of 205 (men) that were known to the secretary of state as being members of the Communist Party and who, nevertheless, are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department. (p. 10) This was a very grave allegation. The State Department is the government institution responsible for the establishment of foreign policy. The presence of Communists in such an important organization would therefore cripple the US in its fight against Communism worldwide. They would most likely work as spies, providing the Soviet Union with sensitive information about atomic weapons and US military and political strategy (Fitzgerald 2006).

Lebanese Awakening :: history

Lebanese Awakening Under the Ottoman Empire, the Lebanese enjoyed a social & cultural development phase that was flourishing. The Lebanese Christians kept good ties with the Europeans that would occasionally visit and spread their influence. The Ottoman reform had an impact on every part of the Empire, including a major role in Lebanon. The Muslims recognized the strength and superiority of the western military; therefore they adopted some of the westerners’ methods. The Muslims feared the western domination, but were subject to change for scientific enhancements. However, the Lebanese were living through a â€Å"ray of freedom† in which they wanted to modernize and enhance their ways of life. The population density in Lebanon was crowded and that kept people in communities. The Lebanese are also open to foreign influence. They now have secure lives and own property. Some young Lebanese went to Italy to become priests. Of them, some went on to spread Orientalism in Paris and Rome while the rest came back to open schools to preach in. During the 18th century the influence from Roman graduates started to show. Through the church reforms, education was spreading through the opening of schools in Bqrqasha, Louwaze and Zougharta. In the 18th century, the best Maronite education was in Ayn Waraqa. These graduates carried on to become powerful figures through the 19th century. The Greek Catholics came from Syria to Lebanon to join the maronites and improve literacy. Main problem was that only well-off families could be educated while the rest stayed ignorant. The Muslims didn’t want the Arabic language to be used because they considered it sacred and holy. The only education Islamic people taught were religion and the Koran. In return the Druze and Greek Orthodox were the only ones left without superfluous educational levels. Besides the Druze protected their holy texts so much they had nothing to learn. The next problem rose with the lack of books. As schools opened, there were less and less books available because they were handwritten. The press could not use Arabic because of the Muslims so they used Syriac. First books written were about religion, and then eventually developed into culture. The cultural movement didn’t have a popular effect, because only a minority was getting educated. Niqula Turk was a pioneering Lebanese poet that awakened new ambitions among his younger contemporaries. Al-Turk represented a wide literary movement in which more poets were rising such as Butrus Karam.

Individual General Profile City of Kelsey Eth/316

Individual General Profile Angel Pacheco 7/22/12 ETH/316 The City of Kelsey boasts a rich and diverse culture with residents ranging from African American, Caucasian, Asian American, and other ethnicities. The occupations that these residents are associated with range from logistics, information technologies, medical personnel, and blue collar occupations. Interaction within a community as tight knit as the City of Kelsey occurs throughout the region.Shops in the downtown area offer a place for residents to hang out and relieve stress, as well as aid in spurring the regions economy. The Kelsey Library is a great place for residents of all ages to research the internet, as well as read recreationally. Community events in the City of Kelsey include an annual 10K Marathon, various sports tournaments, an annual balloon festival, a monthly farmers market, and an annual St. Patricks Day Parade. These events offer a wide variety of events to enable community interaction.With over 71,000 stu dents in the Kelsey School system, all regional schools are used to educate students in a group setting. This group setting is paramount in interaction between students. With over 4,500 educators, the school system offers a place for staff members to interact as well. With a history embedded in agriculture, combined with an organic way of life, the community believes in being responsible for the community on an individual basis.With the use of public transportation, and alternative means such as bicycles the community is showing how they are giving back. With the community offering many opportunities for activity such as arts and crafts center, aquatic center, Lake Lora, and the city park it is the responsibility of the community to reciprocate this through careful preservation of these resources. The City of Kelsey has a foundation of preservation of natural resources, but with the rise of population in the last few years the efforts must be dramatically increased.Being socially re sponsible would be to recognize this problem and allocate funds to maintain the problem with the Sanitation Department and their digester problem. Many of the problems that arise with their greatest resource water, derived from Lake Lora or regional aquifers, may be caused by leeching from a poorly kept solid waste digester. Allocation of funds for this problem is imperative in determining the ability of reversing the degradation of the water quality available to the City of Kelsey.

Effective is Priestly in conveying them Essay

Priestly chose to write this play when he did, in 1945 because he had seen both world wars. He set it in 1912 because he knew what was to come, this way he had an insight to what was going to happen, so he could show the ignorance of the upper sector. Mr. Birling should understand the common people better than he does, especially as he came from a working class background. It would seem that he does not appreciate the working class anymore, as he would not even increase the wages of his workers. â€Å"They were averaging about twenty-two and six which was neither more nor less then is paid generally in our industry. They wanted the rates raised so that they could average about twenty-five shillings a week. † It is also evident that he runs his life by looking after himself first, as he tells Gerald and Eric at the beginning of the play â€Å"And as you were saying, dad, a man has to look after himself. † Mrs. Birling should have some understanding of Eva Smith because she is a governor of a charitable organisation to help women in desperate situations. But her ignorance gets in the way of her work, she doesn’t even think there is a possibility of there being more than one Birling family, so she dismisses Eva Smith straight away. â€Å"Yes I think it was simply a piece of gross impertenance – quite deliberate – and natrally that was one of the things that pedjudiced me against her. † Mrs. Birling’s ignorance is also apparent when she is saying what should happen to the young man who impregnated Eva Smith. Sheila had to learn, not to use status as an extended tool for jealousy. After Sheila has been told about her involvement in Eva Smith’s death she seems genuinly sorry for what she has done â€Å"And I know I’m to blame – and I’m desperately sorry† As well as what Sheila says, the stage directions like â€Å"distressed† are used to show how she is feeling. Her youth also opens her to the exposure of Inspector Goole â€Å"We are most impressionable on the young† this also makes us realise how Inspector Goole â€Å"breaks down the barriers†. When you are â€Å"far gone†, or as you would more commonly say it now, drunk, you are quite likely to get yourself into some sort of trouble as Eric learns. Unlike his parents and Sheila, Eric realises that what he did was wrong at the time and tried to make amends for it by giving Eva Smith money. â€Å"I insisted on giving her enough money to keep her going† At first when Eva Smith left him he didn’t change his ways, you can see this when he â€Å"helps himself to the decanter†. After the Inspector has gone through the events it looks like Eric has finally come to grips with what he has done and will make some sort of effort to change now, because of the imppression left on him by the Inspector. The message Inspector Goole is trying to present is that, whatever you do, you will eventually be judged for it. â€Å"We are members of one body. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire, blood and anguish. † Inspector Goole also delivers the message that everyone must look after everyone else, and almost exactly contradicts Mr. Birling’s teaching of â€Å"every man has to look out for himself† or else the world will turn into a cold, miserable place, full of hatred and selfishness.

Free Essays on Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action

Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action Is affirmative action, as racial preference, morally justified? Affirmative action in the United States began with efforts to confirm the elimination of discriminatory practices, but soon developed into programs promoting preferential treatment. This particular type of treatment has been upheld as repercussions for past injustices, and yet it lifts up the same values as those injustices such as favoritism. It has been praised for increasing minority access to business and professional careers, but also blamed for degrading standards in the process. By valuing one’s credentials more, solely on the basis of their nationality undermines the foundation on which this country was started. These ideas include tolerance and equal opportunities for all. The emotions involved in the controversy over preference are powerful. The purpose of this essay is not to arouse these emotions or to persuade by means of them. Rather, to inquire whether there are moral principles, commonly practiced, being infracted. American law on this subject is uncertain, even some what contradictory in some cases, but everyone can make their own deductions from what the law states because one’s opinion and morals will determine their position on the issue. Preference on the basis of race or national origin occurs primarily in higher education. During the recent decades, the minority groups most often designated for preference have been African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and Asian Americans living. In an article in Newsweek the author writes, â€Å"If the goal of affirmative action is to create a more equitable society, it should be defined by its tendency to reduce people to fixed categories: at many universities it is who you are rather than what you are. As a result, affirmative action programs rarely do benefit the children of middle- and upper-class black Americans.† (Armstrong, 33) The decisions f... Free Essays on Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action Free Essays on Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action Is affirmative action, as racial preference, morally justified? Affirmative action in the United States began with efforts to confirm the elimination of discriminatory practices, but soon developed into programs promoting preferential treatment. This particular type of treatment has been upheld as repercussions for past injustices, and yet it lifts up the same values as those injustices such as favoritism. It has been praised for increasing minority access to business and professional careers, but also blamed for degrading standards in the process. By valuing one’s credentials more, solely on the basis of their nationality undermines the foundation on which this country was started. These ideas include tolerance and equal opportunities for all. The emotions involved in the controversy over preference are powerful. The purpose of this essay is not to arouse these emotions or to persuade by means of them. Rather, to inquire whether there are moral principles, commonly practiced, being infracted. American law on this subject is uncertain, even some what contradictory in some cases, but everyone can make their own deductions from what the law states because one’s opinion and morals will determine their position on the issue. Preference on the basis of race or national origin occurs primarily in higher education. During the recent decades, the minority groups most often designated for preference have been African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and Asian Americans living. In an article in Newsweek the author writes, â€Å"If the goal of affirmative action is to create a more equitable society, it should be defined by its tendency to reduce people to fixed categories: at many universities it is who you are rather than what you are. As a result, affirmative action programs rarely do benefit the children of middle- and upper-class black Americans.† (Armstrong, 33) The decisions f...

Rape, a Love Story by Joyce Carol Oates Assignment

Rape, a Love Story by Joyce Carol Oates - Assignment Example The brutal rape of Teena by gang of men implicates two men namely Lloyd Pick, Marvyn Pick, and Fritz Haaber. This shocking incident occurs in the presence of Bethie, the main character’s daughter resulting to anguish and despair in the story. However, it is the timely intervention of Droomor that eventually saves the situation. In the ensuing scenario, Droomor kills the two suspects in Teena’s case and there is ample evidence to support the claim. First, by the courts failing to convict Marvyn and Lloyd, the justice system predisposed the police officer to a revenge fantasy of protecting Teena. It is apparent in the angst expressed by Droomor when he converses with the victim after the trial (Oates 112). Second, the desperation and struggle of Bethie accounts for the officer’s murderous actions. According to the text, Droomor feels sorry for the hopelessness that characterizes the young girl’s life and decides to end the lives of Teena’s rapists. Ov erall, in Oates’s context, the involvement of Droomor in the murders of Fritz Haaber and the Pick brothers is a cathartic process that frees the central character from her pain. Another interesting angle of Droomor’s guilt involves its similarity to the plot define The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin. It revolves around the fate of Louise Mallard who believes her husband is dead while the case is not true. With the comfort of her sister, she receives counseling and finally begins rejoicing only for her husband to reappear. Alternatively, while all evidence links Droomor to the killings of Teena’s rapists, the truth remains hidden. Consequently, a sense of ambiguity emerges that contradicts the real killers of the Pick brothers and Fritz. Likewise, the eventual death of Mrs. Mallard after the sudden appearance of her husband in Chopin’s story parallels the uncertainties that define the suspected murder in Oates’s story. As a detective I believe Droomor is the murderer of the three men based on his

Toyota PR Crisis Review Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Toyota PR Crisis Review - Thesis Example The case chosen for the study has been that of Toyota Motors Corporation which was hit badly by a spate of unprecedented issues regarding the aspect of communications with regards to a manufacturing defect in the product and the strategies adopted by the firm to address the issue. The study would analyze how an organization can use a crisis situation and effectively handle it out to extract benefits out of a negative situation. The study would consider the various theories related to the aspect of communications in crisis management and would also discuss how an effective handling of the issue can lead to prospective advantage of the organization. Various theoretical models would be used to analyze the shortcomings in the actual strategy of the firm. It would suggest better possible strategies that could have been adopted by the organization so as to generate loyalty among the existing and prospective customers. Introduction Communications form a vital aspect in the business prospect s of an organization. Communications can be both internal as well as external. Internal communication refers to the communication of an organization with its internal stakeholders like suppliers and employees. External communication involves communication between the organization and the external entities which include customers, press, media etc. This is especially important in the modern day business environment of business which is governed by globalization and internet. Media and press have a large influence with regards to the spread of information. The advent of internet has widened the reach of these players to a wide variety of audience. Media and press also enjoy a good rapport with the general public which even accentuates their importance for business organizations as any news about a firm can have both positive as well as negative effects on the positioning as well as the brand image of the firm. The present study would analyze the role of media and press in affecting th e policy making of the organizations. The organization selected for the study is Toyota motors. The choice of the organization assumes significance considering the fact that the organization is one of the largest car makers of the world and was also hit by a series of major scams involving the press releases of the organization. The concept of public relations has been one of the most important aspects that govern the influence of media in a business organization. The role of the public relations departments involves handling the aspect of external communication in a manner that the message to be communicated brings about a positive development for the organization. The main aim of the public relations office is to filter out and sent message that help in not only improving the brand image of the firm but also to ensure a better relationship with its suppliers, shareholders, suppliers and other stakeholders. The growth of internet has made the spread of information assumes lightenin g speeds. Social networking and various blog sites have enabled access to information to millions of users across the world. The channel of public relations has also been used by business organiza

Geek Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geek Love - Essay Example Degradation oddities mainly lowers lofty spiritual ideal that are correspondingly transferred to the material level, sphere of the universe and body of the prevailing individual unbreakable unity. Moreover, the powerful images of humans within the novel frequently are deformed via eating, drinking, menstruating, having sex, defecating and micturating as in the case of the Binewski offspring conducts. The physical abnormalities are conspicuous in the novel. The embracing moments of the characters of deformities revolves around assets thus depicting the interesting side of Binewskis. Despite Al and Lil resorting to the corresponding dangerous measures to offering themselves with the meal ticket depicts the high level of physical oddities in the novel, which aids in the development of the plot of the geek love (Dunn,pp 123-176). It is cumbersome to acknowledge the degree of the children’s personalities in regard to the influence by the chemicals eaten in the utero and the corresponding outcome of their abnormal upbringing. This depicts that the mental health in the Binewski family in regard to the strong suit is mainly caused by the behaviors of Arty. The novel also opens physical oddities of the Aloysius Binewski and Lilian Hinchcliff Binewski in reminiscing about the period prior to the children implying that she prefer flinging herself into the prevailing pit and bite of the heads off of the chickens. Subsequent to the marriage there exist Fabulon circuses that Al inherits depicting the hatched strategy that mainly breed a family of the bona fide freaks. Lil consume illegal and prescriptions pills, amphetamines, insecticides, and radioisotopes. Moreover, She initially deliver to Arturo the Aqua Boy who mainly flippers for the limbs then preceded by the Electra and the Iphigenia that renowned fringed twins subsequent by the Olympia, the hunchback albino dwarf.